Category: Medicine

By Jill Renee

Phillipe Bozzini in the year 1806 was the first doctor who presented a device with which it was possible to illuminate and view a natural cavity, but only in 1853 had Desormeaux developed an optical system with mirrors which allow them to light the bladder through an external light and observe it. This device was named by him the endoscope and it allowed him to carry out an observation technique that became known as endoscopy. The first use of an endoscope to observe a joint cavity dates back to 1918 when the Japanese doctor Takagi first explored the knee, thus becoming the pioneer of arthroendoscopy, which later changed its name, for simplification, to arthroscopy, just as the endoscope received the more specific name of arthroscope. Arthroscopy is therefore by definition, the observation through an optical system (endoscope) of a joint cavity.

Many have been the advances in arthroscopy, or in the creation and improvement of their instruments, either in the development of techniques of use, which allow the visualization of the joint to proceed with purely diagnostic purposes (diagnostic arthroscopy) or for the ability to perform surgical procedures (surgical arthroscopy). Geist was one of the pioneers in 1926 to hold the first synovial biopsy and Watanabe was his follower, in 1962, being the first orthopedist to deal with this technique for a meniscal lesion.

Currently arthroscopy is performed by means of a sophisticated sound system that includes an optical lens surrounded by bundles of optical fibers (arthroscope) which allows driving into the joint, a light generated externally (by a cold light source) and both image capture and the intra articular introduction or aspiration of fluid from the joint cavity. To this device, which has a diameter of around 4 mm, is attached a mini video camera that transmits the captured image, reproducing it on a video monitor. This system has an integrated scanner which allows image recording and the archiving of images. In addition to this equipment, there is used a complex set of instruments or apparatus, including a motor, which is adapted to perform the different techniques. Also the number of joints that could be observed and treated in this way has been progressively extended, evolving from the knee to the shoulder, elbow, the tibio-tarsal, wrist, and, in theory, all of the joints.

The development of instrumental and technological developments in the field of the miniaturization of optical systems and video allows for a large capacity of intra articular visualization, and has made diagnostic arthroscopy a surgical technique, thanks to the excellent image quality obtained, with an accurate diagnosis and having the possibility for numerous surgical procedures, thanks to the quantity and effectiveness of the available instruments. Currently arthroscopic surgical procedures take place increasingly, for a growing number of joints, particularly in the joints of small size, for example, the hand, which also uses smaller instruments. By their frequency of occurence, the knee stands out, for the treatment of meniscal tears, anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, the removal of loose bodies and the treatment of articular cartilage lesions.

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Submitted by: Lisa Ortega

Modern medical technology has brought a number of amazing medical miracles into the arena of everyday treatment. For a vast array of health concerns, there is an equally vast array of options. Many plastic surgeons exist for the sake of helping others to achieve the peace and health that is associated with feeling comfortable and confident in ones own skin.

For many, plastic surgery has become an increasingly important field, one which is life altering and perhaps even beyond words. There are a great number of patients who seek out the care and expertise of professional and experienced plastic surgeons who focus their lifes work on improving the livelihood of their patients. There are a great many types of procedures which play into this even currently growing medical field. Various patients all over seek out alterations in their appearance in a number of different ways to achieve a common goal: to feel comfortable in their skin, to be at peace with their appearance and their self-image, and to stay as healthy as possible. The reasons of course may differ in their specifics from person to person, but plastic surgery is largely becoming a way to help people feel better, overall, in their own skin, with their own body and thus their own mind and heart. The connection to inner life with outward appearance is vast, and cannot be denied. Many patients merely seek the opportunity to align the two so that a greater degree of happiness and peace can ultimately be achieved.

It cannot be ignored as well that the field of plastic surgery involves situations where patients are not clear on what their motives are, what the purpose of having surgery performed is, and how it is bettering their life in some sort of substantial way. Having said this, it is the patients personal responsibility to get crystal clear on what surgery will bring into their life, how it will positively alter their self image and their lifestyle, and how they are benefiting in a psychological way. Getting clear on the motives behind the surgery are very important. Furthermore, it is the patients responsibility to understand any benefits as well as any risks. It is thus vital that patients ask plenty of questions, do research on the surgery in question, get a second opinion, and seek professional advice and care. It may also be good to seek out more than one plastic surgeon and to find one who is trustworthy, obviously confident in their field of expertise, and willing to help their patients toward a greater understanding of the procedure from beginning to end. These are all important questions to ask ourselves and important bits of information which ultimately lead to a far more satisfactory experience should surgery be decided upon.

Understanding how plastic surgery will alter your life is not always immediately visible prior to surgery and so it is very important to appreciate the severity of surgical procedures and to respect their ability to create change, whether that change is for better or for worse. For some patients, plastic surgery is not an option and it is required for their peace of mind. In such cases, the benefits may be clearer than the risks, yet both ought to be equally and thoroughly considered prior to any action being taken.

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Custom LASIK – The Side Effect Free Eye Surgery by Philip C. ThomasThe field of medicine has seen a tremendous improvement today. LASIK eye surgery is one of the outcomes of that improvement resulted by the technological advancement in the medical field. LASIK stands for Laser assisted in situ Keratomileusis. One of the most preferred form of LASIK eye surgery is custom LASIK.Not every one is suitable to undergo the Custom procedure of LASIK eye surgery. Food and Drug Administration has stringent guidelines on who should be considered for this type of treatment. Only those who qualify these stipulations will be given custom LASIK treatment.Custom LASIK is not suitable to treat all forms of corneal aberrations, it can be used only to treat myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. It is one of the most expensive forms of eye surgery procedures. The type of procedure required to treat your eye will be decided by your ophthalmologist after a close examination of your eye condition.Custom LASIK is also called wavefront LASIK because of the wavefront tool it uses to diagnose the faults in the cornea. The wavefront tool is used to create a 3D image of the cornea. This 3D map will help the surgeon to decide the approach to LASIK eye surgery. One of the reasons why many people choose Custom LASIK is because it has very few post operative side effects.LASIK eye surgery is performed through a series of steps including the one week preparatory period. As one of the procedures, the patient who is to undergo this surgery is asked to stop using their contact lenses. As part of the preparation, the surgeon measures the thickness of the cornea and the patient is also given antibiotics to ensure that there is no post operative infection.The Custom LASIK procedure involves creation of a flap in the cornea as the first stage and as the second step, the inner layer of the cornea is resized based on the aberration. During the eye surgery, the patient remains conscious and will be administered with local anesthetic in the form of eye drops.After the remodeling of the inner corneal tissues the flap is placed in position. Custom LASIK does not use any additional material to hold the flap in place. The corneal tissue heals through natural means. Since LASIK eye surgery uses natural healing process, the side effects are very less.At the completion of the LASIK eye surgery the patient has to take all possible preventive measures so as to avoid any possible infections of the eye. Though Custom LASIK procedure has very little post operative risks, usual care is given like any other form of eye surgery. The patients are given special dark glasses after the Custom LASIK procedure to prevent the exposure to bright light that will hinder the healing process.Before you see to a salesperson at the surgery center get the unbiased facts about the risks and rewards of custom lasik. Look at these great resources on lasik eye surgery. Article Source: eArticlesOnline.com